Kursus ini merangkumi sumber dan kimia bahan toksik. Pengekstrakan, pengesanan, biocerakinan dan tindakbalas organisma terhadap bahan toksik dibincangkan. Kesan bahan toksik terhadap organisma, populasi dan komuniti di pelbagai ekosistem ditekankan. Biop(This course covers the source and chemistry of toxicants. Extraction, detection, bioassay and response of organisms towards toxicants are discussed. Effects of toxicants on the organisms, populations and communities in various ecosystems are emphasized)
